Archaeological Field Guide: Essential Tips For Distinguishing Artefacts From Artifacts

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Post on Feb 09, 2025

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Archaeological Field Guide: Essential Tips for Distinguishing Artefacts from Artifacts

Archaeology, the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains, demands meticulous attention to detail. A crucial aspect of any successful dig is the ability to accurately identify and categorize finds. One frequent point of confusion for both seasoned archaeologists and enthusiastic amateurs lies in the difference between "artefacts" and "artifacts." While often used interchangeably, a nuanced understanding of their subtle differences is essential for accurate recording and interpretation. This guide will help you confidently distinguish between the two.

Understanding the Terminology: Artefact vs. Artifact

The terms "artefact" and "artifact" are essentially synonymous. Both words refer to an object made by a human being, typically of cultural or historical significance. The spelling preference often depends on geographical location and publication style. "Artefact" is the preferred spelling in British English and much of the Commonwealth, while "artifact" is the more common spelling in American English.

For the purpose of this guide, we'll use both terms interchangeably to ensure broader accessibility. However, consistency within a specific report or publication is crucial for clarity and professional standards.

Key Considerations for Identifying Potential Artifacts/Artefacts

Successfully identifying artifacts/artefacts requires a sharp eye for detail and a methodical approach. Here’s a breakdown of crucial aspects to consider:

1. Material Composition:

• Natural vs. Processed Materials: A crucial distinction lies in whether the material has undergone human modification. A naturally occurring stone is not an artifact, but a skillfully chipped stone tool certainly is. Examine the material carefully for signs of shaping, carving, polishing, or any other evidence of human intervention.
• Identifying Materials: Knowing the properties of common materials used in different eras and cultures is vital. This includes stone (different types like flint, obsidian, chert), pottery (clay types, firing techniques), metal (identifying alloys), bone, wood, and organic materials (textiles, seeds).

2. Context is King:

The location of a find is paramount. Consider the following:

• Stratification: The layer of earth where an object is found provides valuable chronological information. Objects found deeper are typically older.
• Associated Finds: Are other artifacts found in close proximity? The presence of multiple related objects can provide context and suggest the nature and purpose of the discovered artifact.
• Site Type: Different sites (settlement, burial, workshop) provide different expectations for types of artifacts that might be found.

3. Manufacturing Techniques:

• Evidence of Tool Use: Look for signs of tool marks, wear patterns, and other indicators of human manufacture.
• Technological Styles: Recognizing patterns in manufacturing techniques, such as specific types of pottery decoration or stone tool knapping methods, can help date and categorize your find. Researching local archaeological styles is beneficial.

4. Form and Function:

• Shape and Design: Consider the overall shape, size, and any deliberate design features of the object.
• Potential Use: What function might the object have served? This often requires considerable archaeological knowledge and experience. However, even educated speculation is helpful in the initial assessment.

Distinguishing Artifacts/Artefacts from Natural Objects:

Several natural objects might initially appear as artifacts/artefacts. Careful examination is necessary to differentiate. Consider:

• Naturally Formed Stones: Some stones might resemble tools due to natural erosion or fracturing. Look for clear evidence of human intervention, such as striking platforms or retouching.
• Animal Bones: Natural weathering can create patterns on bones that may be mistaken for tool marks. Look for clear signs of human modification, such as cuts or shaping.
• Geological Formations: Unusual rock formations or mineral deposits can sometimes resemble human-made structures. Careful observation and geological context are vital in these situations.

Documenting Your Findings:

Accurate and detailed documentation is crucial for every potential artifact/artefact. This includes:

• Precise Location: GPS coordinates, site map, and stratigraphic level are all essential.
• Detailed Description: Include the material, size, shape, color, weight, and any unique features.
• Photography: High-quality photographs from multiple angles are necessary.
• Sketching: Detailed sketches can complement photographic records.

By following these guidelines, you'll enhance your ability to distinguish artifacts/artefacts from natural objects, contributing to a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the past. Remember, meticulous observation, contextual analysis, and thorough documentation are the cornerstones of successful archaeological fieldwork.